The Internet of Things (IoT) is often referred to as the third wave of the global information industry, following the eras of computers and the internet. As this technology continues to expand rapidly, it brings with it a growing number of security challenges that are becoming increasingly apparent. Like the TCP/IP network, the IoT faces issues such as manageability, controllability, and service quality, but these problems are even more complex. If not properly addressed, they could significantly hinder the future development of IoT. The very nature of the network introduces security risks, especially in the context of distributed sensor networks and ubiquitous wireless systems, which provide fertile ground for various cyber threats. If left unchecked, these vulnerabilities could pose serious risks to national economies and security.
The Internet of Things is essentially an extension of the TCP/IP network, expanding the reach of the internet to include any object or device. It represents a new form of information exchange and communication. The IoT era is sometimes called the post-IP era. Currently, the academic community widely accepts that the IoT is a large-scale information system composed of three layers: the sensing layer, the network layer, and the application layer. The sensing layer includes technologies like RFID tags, smart cards, and sensor networks, all of which are responsible for collecting data. The network layer, which includes computers, the internet, and wireless networks, handles data transmission and communication. The application layer is where data is analyzed, decisions are made, and intelligent services are delivered, ultimately enabling seamless connections between objects, people, and the world around us.
Key technologies at the sensing layer include RFID, infrared sensors, GPS, laser scanners, and wireless sensor networks. These technologies serve as the foundation for intelligent devices capable of capturing and transmitting data. In the network and management layers, cloud computing, 4G technology, and SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) play critical roles. Smart devices embedded in animals, plants, machines, and everyday objects can send information anytime and anywhere via wireless networks. Cloud computing allows for real-time, dynamic management of millions of items. The architecture of the IoT emphasizes convergence, whether using wireless sensor networks or other infrastructures.
The true value of the IoT lies not in the "things" themselves, but in the network that connects them. Because of its complexity, the IoT requires robust systems to manage and integrate the massive amounts of data generated. While the perception layer has matured and is already being applied across industries, without a powerful network infrastructure to process and utilize this data, the full potential of the IoT remains unrealized. Building such a system involves managing vast data flows, integrating information, and enabling efficient interaction—challenges that are both complex and demanding.
Security threats in the IoT are unique and differ from those faced by traditional internet systems. For example, in sensor networks, the presence of numerous nodes creates an environment filled with uncertainties. These nodes monitor and control different aspects of the network, generating event data that reflects the current state of the system. However, they are also prime targets for attacks. The data collected is highly complex, involving multiple sources, formats, and levels of redundancy. Compared to traditional TCP/IP networks, IoT security must handle more complex data structures and stricter real-time requirements.
When RFID is used in the sensing layer, the information stored on chips can be accessed not only by the owner but also by others. This becomes even riskier when the data is transmitted over wireless networks. Ensuring secure handling during sensing, transmission, and application is a major challenge. Similarly, the transport and application layers of the IoT also face numerous security risks, requiring effective strategies and technologies to address them. Learning from existing TCP/IP security measures and adapting them to the IoT's unique needs will be essential.
In summary, IoT security must be taken seriously by all stakeholders. Beyond the standard network security issues found in traditional systems, the IoT introduces a range of unique challenges, many of which originate from the perception layer. Some of the main threats include:
1. Security and privacy concerns.
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