Power splitters and synthesizers are essential components in RF and microwave systems, typically used to either divide or combine signals. While an ideal power splitter can also function as a power combiner, this is not always the case, as many components are not designed for reverse operation. Additionally, all power splitters and synthesizers experience some level of insertion loss, which affects their power handling capabilities. Despite these limitations, they remain crucial in advanced RF/microwave systems and are among the most widely used passive components.
When selecting a power splitter or synthesizer, it's important to focus on key factors such as the intended function—whether it’s signal distribution or synthesis—and the working bandwidth, expected power levels, and the number of output ports required. For example, a binary power divider splits one input into two outputs of equal amplitude, while higher-order splitters (like 4-way or 8-way) can be created by cascading multiple two-way dividers. Similarly, odd-numbered outputs can be achieved by combining multiple 3-way splitters.
The effectiveness of a power splitter when used as a combiner depends heavily on its design and internal components, such as resistors. Meca Electronics provides an application note titled “Why Most Power Splitters Discomfort with Power Synthesizers,†which outlines key considerations when using them in reverse. Meanwhile, Micro-lab/FXR offers an educational application note that explains basic differences between various types of power splitters, including resistance-based, Wilkinson, quadrature, branch-line, and T-type designs.
For specific applications, companies like Mini-Circuits offer compact surface-mount power splitters, such as the SP-2C1+, which operates from 60–1100 MHz with low insertion loss and high isolation. For broader bandwidth needs, the ZB4PD-232-50W+ 4-way coaxial splitter supports up to 50W per port and is suitable for frequencies up to 2300 MHz. The company also provides designer toolkits, like the K1-QCN series, offering multiple models across a wide frequency range.
Werlatone stands out for its high-power capabilities, with models like the D5738 capable of handling up to 12,500 W at lower frequencies. For higher frequencies, the 38-7 dual splitter delivers 1000W with minimal insertion loss. Krytar’s Model 6005265 covers a broad 0.5–26.5 GHz range with excellent performance, while Aeroflex/Weinschel provides wideband resistive splitters up to 40 GHz.
Renaissance Electronics offers high-performance splitters for the 400–500 MHz range, and Anaren Microwave provides miniature options for mobile applications, such as the PD0922J5050D2, which features a small footprint and good thermal stability. These components demonstrate the variety and versatility available in modern RF systems.
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