Integrated operational amplifiers are essentially multi-stage, directly coupled amplifier circuits. They feature a very high open-loop voltage gain and are typically used with deep negative feedback, which makes them highly effective in amplification applications.
Due to their extremely high open-loop voltage gain, large input resistance, and low output resistance, integrated op-amps are often considered ideal. The equivalent circuit of an ideal operational amplifier is shown in the figure. The key characteristics of an ideal op-amp include: infinite open-loop voltage gain (Ao → ∞), infinite input resistance (ri → ∞), and zero output resistance (ro → 0).
Based on these properties, we can derive two crucial features of an ideal operational amplifier. First, from the open-loop voltage gain equation, we find that U- - U+ approaches zero, meaning the potential difference between the two input terminals is nearly zero. Second, the input currents I- and I+ are both zero, as the input resistance is infinitely large. Understanding and applying these two characteristics is essential when analyzing various op-amp circuits in practical applications.
These fundamental principles not only help in understanding how op-amps work but also form the basis for designing a wide range of electronic circuits, from simple amplifiers to complex signal processing systems. Whether you're working on audio equipment, control systems, or data acquisition modules, mastering these concepts will significantly enhance your ability to troubleshoot and innovate in electronics.
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