Integrated operational amplifiers, often referred to as op-amps, are complex circuits composed of multiple stages that are directly coupled. They have a very high open-loop voltage gain and are typically used with deep negative feedback, which makes them highly effective in amplification applications. This design allows for precise signal processing and is widely used in both analog and digital systems.
Due to their extremely high open-loop voltage gain, large input resistance, and small output resistance, op-amps are often considered ideal amplifiers. The equivalent circuit of an ideal op-amp is shown in the figure. The key characteristics of an ideal operational amplifier include: infinite open-loop voltage gain (Ao → ∞), infinite input resistance (ri → ∞), and zero output resistance (ro → 0).
From these properties, two important features can be derived. First, based on the open-loop voltage gain, we can conclude that U₋ – U₊ ≈ 0. This means that the potential difference between the two input terminals of an ideal op-amp approaches zero. Second, the input currents I₋ and I₊ are both zero because the input resistance tends to infinity. Understanding these two key characteristics is essential for analyzing various op-amp circuits and applications in real-world designs.
By mastering these fundamental principles, engineers and students can better predict how op-amps will behave in different configurations, such as inverting or non-inverting amplifiers, integrators, differentiators, and more. These concepts form the foundation of modern electronics and are crucial for anyone working with analog circuits.
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