Nowadays, the number of models in the automobile market has mushroomed, and various safety technologies are also dazzling, dazzling and foggy. We launched a series of articles to explain the relevant and comprehensive knowledge of car safety devices in a comprehensive and systematic way, so that we can have more fun and less casualties.
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The chassis is the skeleton of the car. The quality of the chassis technology is directly related to the safety, handling, comfort and economy of the car. Chassis is often a very important safety factor that everyone ignores.
Drive mode
The driving method is divided into three types: front pre-driver, front-mounted rear drive and four-wheel drive.
Engine front and rear wheel drive is the most traditional form of drive, and has been the most mainstream drive layout since the invention of the car until the 1960s and 1970s. The front and rear wheels perform their duties, and the steering and drive are separated, so the high-speed stability is good, and the vehicle has a strong climbing ability. However, since the power must be transmitted from the engine head to the rear wheel through the transmission shaft, there is a protrusion in the middle of the interior of the rear drive, which affects the interior space and layout, and also increases the weight of the vehicle. Increased power loss. So today, most small and medium-sized cars are no longer in this form.
The engine front-wheel drive is a form of drive that has only emerged and improved since the 70s of the last century. Most medium and small cars now use this type of drive. The mechanical structure is simple, the engine has good heat dissipation conditions, and the interior space is large and easy to arrange, which not only reduces the weight of the whole vehicle, but also saves fuel and is convenient for maintenance. Since the front wheels simultaneously perform steering and driving work, the high speed stability is poor. This type of drive is best for small and medium sized cars. The four-wheel drive was originally used mainly for off-road vehicles, and now four-wheel drive is also used in some cars. The four-wheel drive power is balanced, but because of its own weight, the fuel consumption is higher and the maintenance is more complicated. In general, small and medium-sized cars do not use this type of drive.
Suspension method
In general, the front and rear suspension systems of automobiles consist of two parts, a spring and a shock absorber. Common structures are: McPherson, double A-arm (double crossbar), trailing arm, torsion beam and multi-link.
The McPherson suspension is mostly used for the front wheel. It is a kind of independent suspension, and it is a very simple structure. It is compact in layout, saves space, has small change in front wheel positioning, and has good driving stability. Therefore, most cars have a front suspension that uses this structure.
The double wishbone suspension has two upper and lower rocker arms, and the lateral force is absorbed by both rocker arms at the same time. The pillars only carry the weight of the vehicle body, so the lateral rigidity is large. Since the upper and lower rocker arms are not equal in length, the camber angle can be automatically changed when the wheel is moved up and down and the track change is reduced, thereby reducing tire wear. It also adapts to the road surface, the tire has a large grounding area and good grip. However, due to the addition of an upper rocker arm, it takes a lot of space.
The trailing arm suspension system is a suspension system designed for the rear wheels. The biggest advantage of this system is that the left and right wheels have a large space, and the camber angle of the body does not change. The shock absorber does not have bending stress, so the friction is small and the ride comfort is good, but the precise control cannot be provided.
The torsion beam suspension is a semi-independent suspension method. The suspension structure is simple and the transmission force is reliable, but the two wheels will affect each other when subjected to shock and vibration. The fine vibration can be well filtered, and the reaction to the large pit is relatively stiff.
The multi-link suspension system is further divided into 5 links and 4 links. It can achieve the best position of the caster back rake angle, greatly reducing the front-rear direction force from the road surface, thus improving the ride and comfort during acceleration and braking, while also ensuring the stability of straight-line driving, in vehicle turning or When braking, the 5-link rear suspension structure allows the rear wheel to form a positive front beam, which improves the vehicle's control performance and reduces understeer. The front suspension of many luxury cars also uses a 4-link front suspension that subtly separates traction, braking and steering forces while giving the vehicle precise steering control.
Wheelbase
After determining the length of the car, the wheelbase is the most important factor affecting the space. The long wheelbase increases the longitudinal space of the occupant and increases the foot space that affects the ride comfort of the vehicle. At the same time, the length of the wheelbase has a great influence on the comfort and handling stability of the car. In general, the higher the car level, the longer the wheelbase. The larger the wheelbase, the more spacious the seat space for the occupant, and the better the anti-pitch and yaw performance. At the same time, the steering flexibility of the long wheelbase vehicle decreases and the turning radius increases. Therefore, the car design must balance driving stability and steering flexibility.
Minimum ground clearance
The greater the minimum ground clearance, the stronger the vehicle's ability to pass obstacles or uneven ground, but the higher the center of gravity, the lower the driving stability; the smaller the minimum ground clearance, the weaker the vehicle's passability, but the center of gravity Low to increase driving stability.
When designing the minimum ground clearance, consider that the car cannot touch the sidewalk. In general, the off-road vehicle has the smallest ground clearance, the smallest sports car, and the car is centered.
Cruise control
Cruise Control is a control system that allows the driver to travel at a fixed pre-selected speed without the need to operate the accelerator pedal. When the car is driving on the highway for a long time, once the cruise control switch is turned on, the system can automatically increase or decrease the opening of the engine throttle according to the change of the road running resistance, so that the car maintains a constant driving speed, thus bringing the driving Great convenience, but also good fuel economy. It should be noted that the driver can not drive fatigue, prevent driving because of too comfortable, and cause a safety accident.
Traction control
When the car is running, the tire friction coefficient has a very important relationship with the road surface conditions. More specifically, the driving force of the car must be controlled so that the slip rate of the wheel is maintained between 15% and 20%. The above control function performed by the automotive electronic system is called Traction Control.
Four-wheel steering
The four-wheel steering (4WS) system is based on a rear-wheel steering mechanism mounted on the rear suspension that allows the driver to turn the front and rear four wheels of the car while steering the steering wheel, improving stability at high speeds and Controllability and improved maneuverability at low speeds.
Four wheel drive (4WD)
The amount of traction generated by a car's drive wheels is limited by the degree of ground attachment and is proportional to the size of the car. Four-wheel drive (4WD, Four Wheel Drive) can make full use of the weight of the car to generate traction.
Full-time four-wheel drive (AWD)
Full-time four-wheel drive (AWD, All-Time Wheel Drive). The specific meaning is that the car is driven independently by four wheels at any time during driving, which is significantly different from other front or rear wheels and 4WD-driven cars.
Full-time four-wheel drive vehicles are superior and safer than 2WD (FWD and RWD). In theory, AWD is more than twice as much traction as 2WD. The vehicle is driven according to its continuous and stable traction. The stability of traction is mainly determined by the driving method of the car. The output of the engine power is distributed to the transmission system through the transmission system. Comparing the tires with the two tires, the result is that the AWD can easily travel in the road where 2WD can't drive safely, so that the car has flexible handling and safety and stability, that is, no matter what kind of weather and what is driving. Kinds of roads (wetlands, rugged mountain roads, curved roads), the driver can easily control every movement to ensure the safety of the driver and passengers.
Tire pressure detection
The level of inflation pressure in the car tire directly affects the comfort and safety of the vehicle. If the proper wheel pressure is maintained, the wear of the tire can be reduced, the fuel consumption can be reduced, the tire damage caused by the insufficient wheel pressure can be prevented, and the driving stability and safety of the automobile can be ensured. The tire pressure monitoring system automatically alerts the driver by continuously monitoring the tire's pressure, temperature and wheel speed.
Chassis automatic lifting system
In some limousines, the chassis automatic lifting system has been adopted. When the car starts, the chassis will automatically rise and maintain a high position at low speeds. Once at high speeds, the chassis will automatically lower, ensuring the vehicle's driving stability and steering flexibility. After entering the low speed, the chassis will automatically rise again until the car is turned off and then lower the chassis.
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