As the fourth generation of the lighting industry, LED is one of the most promising high-tech fields in the 21st century. In the future, LED lamps will gradually replace incandescent and fluorescent lamps. The performance of each generation of lighting products is shown in Table 1. Specifically, under current technical conditions, LEDs have shown numerous advantages: 1 high light efficiency. The spectrum is almost entirely concentrated in the visible light frequency, and the efficiency can reach more than 50%, while the visible light efficiency of incandescent lamps with similar light effects is only 10% to 20%. 2 The light quality is high. Because there is no ultraviolet and infrared rays in the spectrum, there is no heat, no radiation, and it is a typical green illumination source. 3 low energy consumption. The power of the single unit is generally 0.05~1 W. It can meet different needs through clustering, and waste is very little. With LED as the light source, the power consumption is only 1/8~1/10 of the ordinary incandescent lamp under the same brightness. 4 long life. The standard lifetime of luminous flux attenuation to 70% is 100,000 h, and an LED lamp can be used for 50 years under normal conditions; it can also use up to 2 lamps in a lifetime. 5 reliable and durable. There are no easily damaged parts such as tungsten wire and glass bulb, and the abnormal scrap rate is small, and the maintenance cost is extremely low. 6 flexible application and small size. It can be packaged in a plane, and it can be easily developed into a light, thin and short product, and can be made into various application forms of points, lines and surfaces. 7 safe, the unit working voltage is roughly between 1.5 and 5 V. 8 green. Waste can be recycled, no pollution, and does not contain mercury like fluorescent lamps. 9 response time is short. Adapt to frequent switching and high frequency operation.
In view of the advantages of LED itself, it is mainly used in the following major aspects, as shown in Table 2.
1) Display screen, traffic signal display light source. LED lamp has anti-vibration and shock resistance, fast light response, power saving and long life. It is widely used in various indoor and outdoor displays, and is divided into full-color, tri-color and monochrome display. There are more than 100 in the country. The unit is developing and producing. Traffic lights mainly use ultra-high brightness red, green and yellow LEDs. Because LED signal lights are energy-saving and highly reliable, traffic lights are gradually being upgraded nationwide, and the promotion speed is fast, and the market demand is large.
2) Applications in the automotive industry. Automotive lights include dashboards, audio indicators, backlights for switches, reading lights and external brake lights, tail lights, side lights, and headlights. Incandescent lamps for automobiles are not resistant to vibration, are easily damaged, have a short life, and need to be replaced frequently.
3) LED backlight. The backlight with high-efficiency side illumination is the most attractive. LED is used as an LCD backlight source. It has long life, high luminous efficiency, no interference and high cost performance. It has been widely used in electronic watches, mobile phones, BP machines, electronic calculators and On the credit card machine, with the increasingly miniaturization of portable electronic products, LED backlights have more advantages, so the backlight production technology will develop toward thinner, lower power consumption and uniform direction.
4) LED lighting source. At present, the direct target is to replace incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps with LED light sources. This alternative trend has been developed from the local application field.
5) Other applications. For example, a flashing shoe that is popular among children, the built-in LED will flash when walking, and only 500 million LEDs will be used in Wenzhou every year.
Supply and demand analysis of domestic LED market
1. Overview of domestic LED industry chain
The LED industry chain is divided into upper, middle and lower reaches, the upstream is the production of epitaxial wafers, the middle reaches are chip production, and the downstream refers to the packaging industry. Among them, the upstream epitaxial wafer production has the highest technical content and large investment, followed by the midstream chip, and the low-end entry of the downstream packaging industry is easy. But in fact, the current packaging puts higher requirements on the heat dissipation and illuminance of high-brightness chips, and the technical requirements and importance are also getting higher and higher. The industry presents a relatively small number of companies in the upper and middle reaches, while the downstream companies have many pyramid forms. In summary, the global LED core device industry is developing rapidly, and the semiconductor material production technologies such as epitaxial wafers, chips, display technologies and related silicon crystals have made significant progress. High-brightness screen, GAN chip, multi-chip technology and various color light technologies are the representative achievements of LED core device industry growth in recent years. The LED industry chain is as shown in the figure.
After years of development, China's LED industry chain has become more and more perfect, enterprises are all over the substrate, extension, chip, packaging and application industries. Throughout the overall industrial chain, due to the high technical and capital requirements of the upstream industry, domestic enterprises are rarely involved, so the industry has the characteristics of small number of enterprises and small scale. In contrast, due to the relatively low capital and technical requirements for downstream packaging and applications, this is precisely the same as the characteristics of domestic enterprises with less capital and weak technology. Therefore, the number of enterprises engaged in these two links is relatively high. . This uneven distribution of corporate structure has led to the fact that China's LED industry is dominated by low-end products, and enterprises are facing severe price pressures for a long time. With the launch of the national semiconductor lighting project, the status of China's LED industry development is changing. China's LED upstream industry has developed rapidly, and the development of the chip industry is the most eye-catching. However, from the perspective of industry scale, packaging is still the largest industrial chain in China's LED industry. In 2009, the total output value of China's LED industry, including substrate, epitaxy, chip and package, reached 10.55 billion yuan, of which the output value of the packaged link reached 8.75 billion yuan.
2. Demand distribution in the domestic LED market
1) LED backlight display. With the increasing use of large-size LCD backlights such as TVs and notebook computers, as well as automotive and indoor lighting applications, the global LED display market is expanding. In terms of growth rate, in 2005, it was 2.1%, 2006. The annual growth rate was 8.7%, and the average growth rate between 2006 and 2010 was as high as 14.6%. It is expected that by 2011, the LED display market will reach US$12.3 billion, more than double the amount in 2006.
2) LED lighting. With the success of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, the high-tech application of LED lighting has been mentioned as a new ladder, and the application of complex and varied changes has added a lot of color to the whole world. In 2013, LED lighting and display components will account for 30% of the entire LED market, and will face tremendous development opportunities.
3) Infrastructure construction expands large demand. In the face of the financial crisis, under the macro-control policy of “expanding domestic demand and promoting growthâ€, China will accelerate the construction of affordable housing projects, accelerate the construction of rural infrastructure, and accelerate the construction of major infrastructure such as railways, highways and airports. The scale of investment will be greatly improved after the earthquake disaster reconstruction. According to the information released at the press conference held at the Second Session of the 11th National People's Congress, rural people's livelihood projects based on water, electricity, roads, gas and houses will invest 370 billion yuan; railways, highways, airports and water conservancy The infrastructure construction will be about 1.5 billion yuan; energy conservation and emission reduction, ecological engineering will invest 210 billion; restructuring and technological transformation will invest about 370 billion yuan; and disaster recovery and reconstruction in the disaster area will be 100 billion. These huge investment and construction measures will definitely increase the demand for various LED applications including display, special lighting, general lighting and landscape lighting.
The competitive landscape of the domestic LED market
Overall competition pattern
In terms of capacity concentration, because there are not many large domestic enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises occupy the main body, which makes the output concentration of the top ten enterprises in the epitaxial film sector 75.4%, and the chip field is much lower, only 56.4. %, the lowest level in the display field is 45.6%. It can be seen that the higher the concentration of the front-end domestic, the more downstream products are, the lower the output concentration. On the whole, the industrial concentration of China's LED industry is relatively low, although the upstream concentration is normal, but with the entry of many companies, it is also facing a decline.
In terms of brand concentration, because there are not many domestic famous brand enterprises, small brand enterprises occupy the main position, which makes the concentration of the top ten brands in the epitaxial film sector 72.4%, and the chip field is much lower, only 52.3%. The lowest level in the display field is 40.6%. It can be seen that the concentration of the same capacity is similar. The more the front-end domestic brands are concentrated, the downstream products are many enterprises, and the brand concentration is low. In summary, the brand concentration of China's LED industry is not high, the overall competitiveness of the industry is low, there is still a long time to go the brand road.