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According to reports, of the population aged 15 to 64, some 44 million have some basic difficulties in mobility, including lifting, moving, walking, bending, sitting and standing. There are 1.1 million strokes in Europe each year, which often causes paralysis in the upper or lower extremities. Therefore, taking into account the subsequent economic and social impacts, allowing these young people and the elderly to regain their ability to move autonomously is now the primary goal.

The exoskeleton, as its name suggests, is a system that supports the outside of the body. First, they assisted the experts in the rehabilitation center and provided support for the patients during the training course. Their presence has avoided the ergonomic challenge of the treatment process and provided valuable data while controlling the patient's actions. Hocoma in Switzerland is a pioneer in this field. They studied hard for many years at the Balgrist University Hospital in Zurich and finally invented their robotic treadmill, Lokomat, in 2001. The robot's training targets include stroke-induced mobility disorders, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's patients. The system includes a fully weight-bearing support system, a pedal, a shelf that wraps around the legs and provides motion guidance and stimulation, and a virtual reality system that provides feedback. The company also wanted to use this system to solve the treatment of the lower back, arms and hands.

The Aura Innovative Robotics Laboratory, which is affiliated with the Polytechnic University of Madrid, aims to provide rehabilitation assistance to patients suffering from shoulder injuries. Their exoskeletal Orte can estimate the patient's degree of invasiveness, and then help them to perform rehabilitation training under a series of dynamic and force sensors. Cecilia Carcia Cena, co-founder of the laboratory, told the author: “Thanks to the maturation of the musculoskeletal model of the arm, doctors can better understand the condition and gain valuable information during the diagnostic phase, and then tailor a robot for each patient. Leading and executing rehabilitation programs. "

In addition to rehabilitation centers, they also hope that people can use the exoskeleton system in their home environment. As mentioned in the MIRAD project, this has triggered many security, wearability, automatic energy supply, smart dynamic interaction, and psychological challenges. The project aims to design a double-limb exoskeleton system, which can help people overcome the difficulties caused by functional loss. In KU Leuven's research experiment, this system can assist healthy people sitting above 65 years of age to achieve standing.

At the forefront of another field, there is a project called “human-computer interaction wearable exoskeleton that promotes paraplegic patients”, also known as SYMBITRON. Its purpose is to create a wearable exoskeleton with safety, biology, and custom features that will help people with spinal cord injuries to use their remaining motor function and walk without external assistance. Their Mindwalker exoskeleton system was completed by six bone marrow impaired persons in a laboratory environment. One of the goals of this project is to use a dry, lightweight and wearable brainwave cap to identify brain waves that control the movement of the exoskeletons. The virtual reality training environment can help the brain generate the correct brain wave signal.

“The function of the new generation of exoskeletons is continuously strengthened, such as automatic operation, balance mechanism and assisted control operation, etc. The research of BALANCE and SYMBITRON has received funding from the European Union” as the head of the BALANCE project in Tecnalia Research and Innovation, Jan Dr. Veneman said: "After the Food and Drug Administration agreed in 2016 to put various types of automatic exoskeletons into the home, exoskeletons are becoming a reality step by step. This has greatly expanded the exoskeleton and other wearable robots. Submarket."

The exoskeletons come in a variety of shapes and materials. At the Cybatholon semi-robot Olympic Games that will open on October 8, 2016, we will see at least 11 teams wearing exoskeletons. In fact, the current general trend is that exoskeletons will become more and more light, even like socks, rather than cold equipment made of bolts and metal. Although it does not achieve full power walking, it has a great assisting effect. In particular, elderly people can travel more conveniently. Bioenergy socks are the product of joint research by the University of Bristol, Ritz University, Nottingham University, Southampton University, Strathclyde University, Loughborough University and the University of the West of England. The Salford University has also developed a lightweight exoskeleton designed specifically for the hands. It looks like a pretty glove.

From the WALL-X exoskeleton invented by the University of Ghent, we learned how a small exoskeleton with a simple aerodynamic system can help bend the ankle and assist in walking. Regardless of the method used, it is important to understand the direct interaction between the human body and the exoskeleton. Therefore, Danish AnyBody company is currently studying the human body's highly analog technology.  

In addition, exoskeletons can help those who challenge ergonomic work. “The pain in the back of the back is the reason why many workers are absent after they get the common cold. It is the reason why 15% of workers ask for sick leave. Every year, even millions of people are unemployed.” The Spexor Spinal exoskeleton is designed to avoid the lower back Pain and help those who have experienced the disease to re-employ. Unlike those exoskeletons who only focus on the mobility of the upper limbs or lower limbs, Spexor Spinal focuses on addressing the pain of spinal cord injury. This project originated in January 2016 and is still in its infancy.  

Seizing this opportunity, the Swiss startup Noonee pioneered a project aimed at optimizing the working environment called Chairolution. “This chair, unlike a chair, is a wearable sitting exoskeleton. It can provide support to workers who work on the production line so that they can move their bodies and avoid the stress and health caused by repetitive work. Question.” German car manufacturer Audi tried this exoskeleton last year.

Another exoskeleton tried by car manufacturers is ABLE's upper extremity exoskeleton, which was used by PSA's Peugeot Citroen plant, which Haption has now commercialized. This robot was invented by the French Atomic Energy Commission to reduce arm loads. ABLE's invention team stated that Innorobod's lower limb exoskeletons have been put into commercial production by RB3D.

Finally, the exoskeleton can also be used for remote operation of robots in extreme environments. The X-Arm-2 exoskeleton device invented by the European Space Agency can control full-power tactile robots. Feedback from the robot will be used to upgrade the engine control functions. Such devices can be used for robotic surgery and other nuclear energy devices that require precise engine control.

All in all, our goal is not to create highly humanoid robots, but to allow patients to move freely, improve poor working conditions, and develop new uses for remote control. Of course, there are many unknown challenges in this area. We need to constantly broaden the basic knowledge of biomechanics, human-computer interaction, and manipulation of complex systems.

Via robohub

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