With the progress and development of the society, people's outdoor activities from day to night continue to put forward higher requirements for the outdoor environment. When night falls, first of all, to ensure the safety of outdoor activities, whether in large cities or small towns, streets, shopping areas, pedestrian streets, leisure areas and other places need lighting; at the same time, in some occasions, for the purpose of decoration, highlight a certain A theme, the need to promote business, a certain spirit, and public recognition also require environmental landscape lighting. Of course, some problems have arisen in the design and implementation of such outdoor environmental lighting. For example, in order to illuminate the facade of the building, a large number of floodlights will make the city's sky too bright, causing urban light pollution (Sky Glow). From Figure 1, we can see the brightness of the night city in China and surrounding areas. We can no longer look at the sky and count the stars as we did in childhood. In addition, a large number of street lights invade the residents' homes, affecting residents' rest and sleep; excessive green lighting affects the plant's own biological clock; a large amount of lighting consumes precious energy, and so on. Therefore, the environment is the environment in which human beings live. The lighting we have to do should also be considered for the sake of human activities needs to meet the needs of people. From the beginning of the design, manufacturers, trading partners, purchasing departments, decision-making organs and the corresponding departments have taken care of each other to create a lighting environment that meets the real needs of human beings.
To this end, in the implementation of outdoor environmental lighting design, we should follow the following basic principles:
1. First of all, we should start from the macroscopic perspective to understand urban planning, commercial streets, residential areas, and urban traffic trunk road planning: planning the overall night lighting and the entire city in harmony and unified, reflecting the contours of the city. According to the needs, the night illumination of the whole city is subdivided into: main roads, urban streets, commercial areas, squares, building facades, etc., for each occasion, under the premise of obeying the overall lighting plan, in-depth refinement.
2, consider roads, buildings, streetscapes, etc. as a unified whole, design urban road lighting together with roadside lighting, and use the functions and forms of large street lights to provide illumination for the road and provide illumination for the surrounding environment. Pay attention to vertical illumination. Generally, it is not necessary to add too many lamps for roadside greening to further unify functions and forms.
Road lighting must first meet the needs of traffic safety, including two aspects, the safety of pedestrians and the safety of mobile vehicles. In addition to a certain level of illumination, the illumination and brightness of the vertical space should be considered to meet the safety requirements, avoiding the contour effect of moving objects and not seeing the details. CIE (International Commission on Illumination), IES (North American Lighting Society) should be strictly followed for urban road classification and corresponding lighting requirements. Under this premise, consider the integration of the form of the lamp with the surrounding environment. Combined with the positioning of the environment, the shape of the lamps is appropriately selected to make them harmonious and unified.
Improper vertical illuminance produces a contouring effect. Appropriate vertical illumination for clarity.
Harmony of roads and street harmony
Lighting of buildings should be considered from the perspective of urban contours, regional positioning, and individual characteristics. It should not be overemphasized in the middle of the building, mainly using streetscapes or indoor light and fixtures hidden in the building for illumination. The styling and function of the luminaire are unified, and the scientific design and calculation are adopted on the basis of the coordination between the styling and the surrounding environment. Avoid installing too many lights on the surface of the building and damaging the facade of the building. Pay special attention to the generation of glare, including sky light pollution, user light intrusion, and so on.
3, high pole lighting system in large squares and major transportation hubs:
The high-beam lighting system effectively solves the limitations of traditional lighting, proposes new lighting solutions, reduces equipment, reduces maintenance costs, expands visual range, and more. However, the current high-beam lighting should be further improved. Professional high-beam lighting fixtures can replace traditional floodlighting fixtures, and further improvements can be made in the following aspects:
A, reduce glare.
B, obtain sufficient vertical surface illumination and horizontal illumination.
C, the uniformity is controlled within a certain range.
D, stable operation, effectively extending the life of the lighting system.
E, easy to maintain and extend the maintenance cycle.
Indirect clear square lighting
4, classic landscape road lighting:
Roads with a certain historical tradition, lighting fixtures must be integrated into the surrounding environment, while providing adequate road lighting and ambient lighting in different seasons. When summer comes, the trees and green leaves on both sides of the road should be considered to obscure the current fixtures and affect the lighting. If you can change the current lighting method, reduce the height of the pole and the installation position: the height of the pole is controlled at 4m-5m, the position is in the middle of the two trees, and then the luminaire with the glass prism lighting system is installed, using TYPE3 (category 3) The light distribution curve) obtains a certain horizontal illuminance, vertical illuminance and uniformity on the road; and corresponding lighting conditions are also obtained on the sidewalk of the road.
Traditional truncated luminaires are affected by greening and the lighting effects of a new generation of luminaires.
5, commercial street city advertising lighting across the road:
The lighting method should be unified, and the overall consideration should be made from the form determination of the luminaire, the installation position, and the color determination lamp. The form of the luminaire is as simple as possible to integrate into the environment. At the same time, clear indicators of lighting: such as illuminance, uniformity, light color and so on.
6, dynamic changes:
Apply the concept of change in stage lighting to urban ambient lighting. In some areas, in addition to the changes in the flashing jumps produced by lighting systems such as neon lights, there is also a change in the color of the lighting of the entire building and environment. Its implication is that it compares the night view of the entire city to a stage, uses illumination to reflect changes in the subject's activities, and so on.
In the design and implementation of urban outdoor environmental lighting, how to coordinate and consider, from the perspective of human efficiencies, to avoid sky light pollution, light intrusion, has attracted attention in the world. To this end, IDA (International Dark Sky Association), the international dark sky organization, was established in North America. When implementing outdoor environmental lighting design, when selecting the lighting mode, strictly follow the classification criteria of the four types of lamps, namely, full cut, cut, half cut and non-truncture. Understand their strengths and weaknesses and use them properly.
Complete cut-off: no light flux above 90o, the light intensity at any position of 80o-90o does not exceed 10% of the luminous flux of the light source in the lamp.
Cut-off: The intensity of light at any position above 90o does not exceed 2.5% of the luminous flux of the light source in the luminaire. The light intensity at any position from 80o to 90o does not exceed 10% of the luminous flux of the light source in the luminaire.
Half cut: The intensity of any position above 90o does not exceed 5% of the luminous flux of the light source in the fixture. The light intensity at any position from 80o to 90o does not exceed 20% of the luminous flux of the light source in the luminaire.
Non-cut: no limit.
Therefore, when designing outdoor environmental lighting, we should proceed from the human effect and avoid two extremes, namely: excessive functionalism: only pay attention to illumination, brightness, neglect the beauty of lighting; and excessive formalism: the pursuit of beauty Ignore the scientific nature of lighting. We should remember such a story: "Light to see, light to be seen". That is to perfect the unity of function and form to reflect the needs of people.
references:
1, "IES Handbook", 9Edition
2, "IES RP-8-00", Roadway Lighting
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