Oscilloscope probe calibration method

In oscilloscope applications, many measurements are performed directly via cables, especially for RF or high-speed digital signals. However, a significant amount of on-board debugging is done using probes, which are an essential part of the oscilloscope measurement system. For high-bandwidth applications, active probes are typically required. These probes contain internal amplifiers that may experience gain and bias drift due to temperature changes or long-term aging. To ensure accurate measurements, it's crucial to regularly calibrate these probes. There are three main calibration methods for oscilloscope probes: 1. **DC Gain and Offset Calibration** This is the most common method used for calibrating oscilloscopes. It involves comparing a known DC voltage (from the calibration signal) with the actual voltage measured by the oscilloscope. This helps correct the probe’s DC gain and offset errors. The process essentially determines the linear equation y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the intercept. DC calibration is usually performed once a year, but in some cases, it may be needed more frequently—sometimes even daily. 2. **AC Calibration** For high-performance oscilloscopes measuring high-speed signals, AC calibration is essential. Due to the wide bandwidth, it's challenging to maintain a perfectly flat amplitude and phase response across the entire frequency range. AC calibration ensures that both the oscilloscope and probe system have consistent amplitude and phase responses at various frequencies. Unlike DC calibration, AC calibration addresses frequency-dependent errors. This is typically done using a network analyzer to measure S-parameters of the active probe amplifier. The oscilloscope manufacturer tests each probe and stores the S-parameters in the probe’s internal memory. During use, the oscilloscope reads these parameters for accurate AC calibration. 3. **User-Site AC Calibration** While the manufacturer-provided S-parameters offer a baseline, they don't account for variations in real-world conditions such as different cable lengths or accessories. For high-bandwidth systems (e.g., tens of GHz), it's necessary to perform AC calibration based on the user’s specific environment and test setup. Testing S-parameters with a network analyzer is complex and not practical for field use. However, modern solutions like Agilent’s indium phosphide-based oscilloscopes can generate fast-edge signals with rise times under 15ps. These signals contain sufficient high-frequency components, making them suitable for calibration. Traditional high-speed oscilloscopes often have fast-edge outputs, but their rise times are usually tens of picoseconds or slower, limiting their use to delay calibration rather than precise frequency response calibration. As shown in the diagram, the oscilloscope’s calibration output sends a fast-edge signal. Two channels of the oscilloscope measure the input signal (Vin) at the probe’s front end and the output signal (Vout) from the probe. By analyzing the ratio Vout/Vin, the frequency response within the band can be corrected. After performing user-site AC calibration, a flatter frequency response is achieved, significantly improving measurement accuracy in real-world high-speed circuit testing scenarios.

Remote Socket

REMOTE CONTROL SOCKET
Important Safeguards
When using any electrical appliance, in order to reduce the risk of fire, electric shock and/or injury to persons, basic safety precautions should always be follow8d. including:
• The appliance is for household and indoor use only.
• Before plugging in. check that the voitage on the rating label is the same as the mains supply.
• To protect against electric shock, do not immerse any part of the product in water or other liquid.
• This socket is intended for use by competent adults only and children should be supervised at all times.
• Do not use the socket for other than its intended use.
• This socket can be used by children aged from 8 years arxl above and persons with reduced physical, sensory or mental capabilities or lack of experience and knowledge if they have been given supervision or instruction concerning use of the appliance in a safe way and understand the hazards involved. Children shall not p<ay with the appliance Cleaning and user maintenance shall M be made by children without supervision.
• Children of less than 3 years should be kept away unless continuously supervised.
Children from 3 years and less than 8 years shall only switch on/off the appliance provided that it has been placed or installed in its intended normal operating position and they have been supervision or instruction concerning use of the appliance in a safe way and understand the hazards involved. Children aged from 3 years and less than 8 years shall not plug in. regulate and clean the appliance or perform user maintenance.
• Don't use this socket in the immediate surroundings of a bath, a shower or a swimming pool.
• In case of malfunction, do not try to repair the socket yourself, it may result in a fire hazard or electric shock
Do Not Exceed Maximum a680W
Place the LR44 batteries provided into the compartment in the back of the Remote Control, please insert as sho*/m in the back of the compartment to ensure the polarity is correct.

Programming Instructions
• Plug the Remoce Socket$($)lnto the wall socket(s) and switch on the mams supply, the red LED will flash every second.
• If the LED is not flashing press & hold the manual ON/OFF button for 5 seconds until it Hashes

•Press any ON switch on the Remote Control for approximately 2 seconds and the Remote Socket(s) learn the code. The LED will stop flashing top confirm the codehas been accepted.
• Any number of Remote Sockets can be programmed to one Remote Control ON button to create multiple switching.
• To programme o<her Remote Sockets on different Remote Control ON buttons repeat the prevous steps
• If the mains supply is turned off the Remote Sockets v/ill lose their code and it wil be necessary to re-pcogramme.
Operation:
• Plug your appliance(s) into the Remote Socket(s)
• Press the programmed ON or OFF button on the Remote Control to control the Remote Socket.
♦ The Remote Sockets can also be operated manually using its ON/OFF Button Trouble shooting
If a Remote Socket does not react to the Remote Control please check the followng:
♦ Low battery in tbo Remote Control
• Distance too large between the remote control and the recerver (ensure the range distance is no more than 20 clear Metres) and free from obstacle that may reduce the distance.
• If programming has not been successful, tum the power off and back on then follow the programming steps above.
How to decode
• Press the manual ONX)FF button for 5 seconds until the red LED flashes once per
second to confirm de-coding is successful
♦ Press the ALL OFF switch on the Remote Control for more than 3 seconds, the LED
flashes once per second to confirm (decoding successful.
Voltage: 240V-/50HZ
Max power rating: 3680W max.
Remote frequency:
Remote range:
Battery Type:
433.92MHz
230 Metres
Button Cell 2x1.5V LR44 =
Please check with your local waste management service authority regarding regulations for the safe disposal of the batteries. The batteries should never be placed G municipal waste.
Use a battery d^posal facility if available
M
For eioctncal products sold within the European Community. At the end of the electrical products useful life, it should not be disposed of wth household waste. Please recycle faaMies exist. Check with your Local Authonty or retailer for recycling advice.
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