IPv6 wears a golden armor and saints, and marries IPv4 with colorful auspicious clouds. This way, I went to China, but it took 25 years and only 17 years to learn from the West. In 1992, the earliest IPv6 white paper was put on the shelves. In May 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Action Plan for Promoting Large-scale Deployment of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). IPv6 came to solve IPv4 anxiety. Around 2010, IPv4 was already in an address shortage, and the global IPv4 address pool was gradually depleted, especially the Asia-Pacific region, which became the first region in the world to deplete the address pool, because China and India The prosperous rise in the Internet tide has also turned them into "site-sucking monsters." 128-bit IPv6 saved 32-bit IPv4. At first, the ideal of 6 was that every grain of sand on the beach could be addressed. Now, this ideal has been reflected in reality. The second wave of the Internet wave rushes to this shore. It is the Internet of Things. All the objects in each house are shaped like grains of sand on the beach. They are addressed and marked by IPv6, and go online to fight monsters. If the address of 6 is completely enough, there will be no address shortage again, this is hard to say. Bill Gates said that 640K memory is enough for anyone. He later refuted the rumors that he had never said such stupid things. It is impossible for IPv6 to replace 4 at once. Experts say it will coexist for at least 20 years. There is no direct communication between the two, because the address expressions are different and specific technical means are required. The old problem is solved with a new method. 6 solves the problem of 4, but the new method also brings new problems. This is the problem mentioned in this article.
According to a recent survey, we found that IPv6 has exposed new drawbacks in the comprehensive replacement of IPv4: its backbone will impact the protocols on the Internet, which will lead to traffic congestion.
IPv6 is not as stable as 4
In a report released by Quator Labs this month, researchers have conducted an in-depth investigation of the country's Internet reliability level: the ability of a country's Internet to withstand loss of connection from a single or multiple Internet service providers.
The results are very interesting: IPv6 networks show much lower stability than traditional IPv4. I believe this will surprise many friends. After all, they are all the same network protocols that carry traffic and data packets. Why is the difference between the two so real?
Some friends may know that the Internet is actually a set of networks composed of networks. It can function normally because thousands of different companies have agreed that other people's data flows through its network. In return, their data can also flow through other networks. This is called a peer-to-peer agreement, and some peer-to-peer agreements may have more terms and conditions.
The Internet is formed by stacking a large amount of transmission bandwidth provided by different network service providers. Currently, only a dozen top manufacturers have huge channels that can transfer large amounts of data globally. They have signed reciprocal agreements with other Tier 1 suppliers, stipulating that all parties will not charge any fees, so as to realize the global operation capability of the Internet on the condition of protecting collective interests.
It can be assumed that if the current network you are using has a huge amount of data exchange, so you do not have to borrow bandwidth resources from other providers at all, then you are likely to have to pay-from large Internet service providers to small Internet service providers , And then to the terminal enterprise, the entire transmission chain may require a monthly usage cost of $50. Well, this amount sounds acceptable.
So what impact will IPv6 bring? In fact, it seems that IPv6 may open the door to the Internet Protocol Alliance for some companies-some companies hope to be promoted to IPv6 Tier 1 suppliers and thus become a core component of the Internet. Obviously, some people are quite dissatisfied with the joining of these newbies.
The reason lies in people
This is the root cause of the peer-to-peer conflict-some companies began to refuse to open their bandwidth resources to other companies. Moreover, this type of problem manifests in different degrees of severity in different regions of the world, because certain regions are often highly dependent on a few companies to obtain Internet access services.
This report points out that in up to 86% of countries in the world, the reliability of IPv4 connections is significantly higher than that of IPv6. Of course, IPv6 should become the next-generation technology standard of the Internet, and there is no problem with the protocol itself. The real contradiction stems from disputes between network connection providers.
The authors are worried: "Obviously, to solve the current situation, we can only hope to make clear and strict requirements for IPv6 services. The Qrator.Radar team is currently considering a variety of options, hoping to clearly communicate to Internet service providers around the world This conclusion, in turn, raises the level of community awareness of the issue."
This report also specifically pointed out that there are long-term disputes between ISP Cogent and Hurricane Electric, while conflicts between Deutsche Telekom and Verizon US are also constant.
The report states, "These telecommunications vendors often have different causes of conflict. But if the network can only access one party in the conflict, then the IPv6 connection system will not be complete. This will also affect the ownership of multiple upstream companies. The service reliability of the manufacturer’s Internet service provider. The interruption of one service provider may cause overall connection problems."
The struggle between Cogent and Hurricane Electric has a long history. There is even a 2009 video posted on YouTube, in which Hurricane wrote on a piece of cake with frosting, "Want to build an IPv6 peer-to-peer network with us? Dream you, Cogent!-Hurricane Electric."
The CEO of Cogent admitted that there are indeed peer-to-peer agreement disputes between his company and other Tier 1 suppliers. He explained that this is mainly because Cogent is solely engaged in Internet provisioning services, while other providers are involved in a wider range of telecommunications services.
Hurricane Electric's "prepared" cake for Cogent. It seems that the relationship between the two parties is quite tense.
Congent's stubbornness
Cogent can only survive in the cruel market competition by continuously updating its own system to obtain cost advantages. Obviously, it cannot accept any agreement that cannot bring economic benefits to it.
This kind of tension is intensifying in the popularization of IPv6, and Cogent is also facing threats from other similar companies. According to Qrator Labs, in order to protect itself, Cogent has refused to establish treatment agreements with other manufacturers-and this will further lead to instability problems. Because countries will not be able to rely on multiple suppliers to obtain network access capabilities at the same time.
The report points out, “In order to maintain global connectivity under the IPv4 protocol, any Tier 1 supplier can provide a single path that is strong enough. But in IPv6, a single path will be far from enough. Because the Tier 1 suppliers in IPv6 are peer-to-peer. There have been contradictions in the agreement for a long time, so IPv6 does not have a comprehensive interconnection system like IPv4."
In addition to rejecting Hurricane's entry into the IPv6 major alliance, Cogent also clashed with Google for the same reason.
Another detail in the report shows that Cogent's advantage in confrontation may be waning: it has lost its market leadership position in the United States.
The authors wrote, “Between 2016 and 2017, Cogent’s AS 174 occupied the top spot in the market. But by 2018, Cogent had been replaced by CenturyLink’s AS 209, and this change also made The U.S.’s ranking of connectivity diversity rose by three places to seventh in the world."
China China
For a long time, local monopoly has become the basic policy for major American cable companies to establish their own business models and publicize their business design ideas. However, other developed economies in the world obviously do not agree with this, and generally can provide consumers with faster Internet connection speeds at lower prices.
Another interesting finding in this report is that among the top 20 countries currently on the list, one country relies solely on IPv6 connections from a single provider-which is obviously very dangerous. According to Qrator Labs, China's China Telecom can only achieve access through Hurricane Electric, an IPv6 support provider, which makes its IPv6 dependency index reach an astonishing 65%. For such a large and dynamic economy, this situation is obviously abnormal.
But China has also brought good news. When we re-examined a few days ago, we found that China Telecom has signed peer-to-peer agreements with vendors such as Telia, NTT, and GTT. The following chart shows the tremendous progress China has made in terms of IPv6 prefixes.
As of this month, China is still highly dependent on IPv6 connectivity provided by a single supplier. But the newly signed reciprocal agreement seems to have solved this problem.
Other countries
At the end of the list are countries that rely entirely on a single Internet service provider. This usually stems from the deliberate planning of the country’s government, or because the country is highly isolated by the international community.
Countries with a dependency index of up to 100% given by the Qrator Lab include North Korea, Eritrea, Greenland, and New Caledonia. In addition, Ethiopia’s dependency index is 99%, and Syria’s is 99.5%. Of course, this dependency situation has also been fluctuating: for example, the Syrian civil war caused a German company to withdraw from the market, so the country can only rely on a single supplier at present.
Top of the list
At the forefront of the list are hyper-connected modern economies with strong competitive advantages. Germany ranks first with an IPv4 outage rate of 2.26%-this means that the country has many large enterprises to provide Internet access services for it, so any failure of any one of them will hardly have a substantial impact on Internet users. Next is the United Kingdom-this long-standing international communications center has achieved 3.10%.
Qrator Lab has invested three years in this survey and found that among the top 20 countries last year, 17 are still in the top 20 this year. Therefore, this indicator can be regarded as a basic measurement standard for the country, and it also reflects the importance of Internet services to the country's economic and social operations.
The report also includes more content, including the recent increase in network resilience in Asia, as well as some unclear situations in countries such as Jamaica and Monaco, but the author still gives a more positive conclusion:
"Our survey results clearly show that the Internet service provider market based on competition can show greater stability and failure resistance capabilities in the face of risks within and outside the region. If there is no competitive market, a single An AS (Autonomous System) accident may cause most users in a certain country or even a wider area to lose access to the network."
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